From Birch Bark to Palm Leaves
Richard Salomon, 'From Birch Bark to Palm Leaves'
Thank you all and thanks everyone for coming I
hope both make it worth their while my presentation will be in the three main
parts of the first part is is General background on manuscript materials and
formats in the pre-modern Indian World particularly in the context I'm going to
be discussing in my first part of what I call early but it's from
But before the 5th Century 80 later manuscript
problem type of second Millennium but I called modern any scripts it's it's a
whole different situation which I won't be going into some free since I've got
a few if you might be familiar with Nepali
What is textual material So I'm talking about
the earliest stratum from Northwestern India and the 20 regions which all under
the moment going back to the 1st Century BC and going ahead to about the 5th or
6th century so
The tire lady right I think I could say it
entirely without the qualifier restricted to Northwestern India and when I call
a joining regions of try to clarify here so
Blue it is what we were referred to what is
referred to in traditional turns that's Gandara guitar at that is the
essentially the Northwestern Edge or Frontier of the Indian subcontinent
corresponding roughly 2 modern Northwest Pakistan and the Eastern Edge or
Eastern corner of Afghanistan another
But very major source of the early manuscript
from the last night the 3rd to the 7th Century 67 Century 18 is the area around
the time Basin or taklamakan desert in what is now the sheets on week or
autonomous region of China is PRC
Question very much under the influence of a
condor and culture of Northwestern India including adopting the secondary
language which I'll be talking about later on we have
What's a manuscript play fragments of
manuscripts and a few cases of the complete manuscripts were largely intact
men's scrubs mostly it's cracked and some of them fight substantial base dozens
of leaves
Between as a pet so I'm respecting my
preliminary my remarks my main remarks to these Streams of heat and humiditytwo
areas and took the. Before the 5th Century 5th or 6th Century ad and we have
Body material but I want to have to size that in
theory that's only a fraction maybe even a small fraction of what must have
once existed in this. In the Indianapolis world I think it's safe to assume
that manage groups of this type existed throbbing. But it's World which about
time covered you all up in here so there must have been
The problem is from India proper during the from
the spirit the Surly. In question the number of madness put a Spanish goats
that we have is fear out with the exception of the area of the northwest
This is usually the trippy of it too and I think
circulate correctly attributed to the difference in climate the United States
of classic and we're all on organic material palm leaf hat and the book
Search organic materials do not survive
technically they don't survive for more than a couple of centuries two or three
centuries in the monsoon climate of India of the Indian subcontinent proper
it's only in the Region's which are such as
which
destroy or organic organic material very efficient if I lived in India you
leave your in the menu then you pick them out after the if it all covered with
To be far Northwestern territories were Beyond
The Monsoon climate and then in the Central Asian area that is in the
taklamakan desert extreme extremely dry conditions are
Many thousands of Landing strips and mustard
existed in early for Spanish girls supposed to be existed in India
Never surfaced but that's okay we deal with it
and we're lucky enough to have a great deal of material from the north and from
the from the northwest from Central Asia moving ahead to the specifics of put
his manuscripts
Cynthia in Antiquity or the third case and more
recent times for the three are probably which I'll be discussing briefly and
when she'll be I think hearing about more later it's okay from are other
speaker from the second speaker Birchbox
Trading on my presentation and at a much later.
Paper so here is an example of
Scratch that.
Afghanistan palm leaf is really the predominant
overall by far the predominant writing material in pre-modern India or should I
say take South Asia and widely used in basically all of India
And the joining regions because she ran that
Polly is her son and Molly Regents where Birchbox was he is everywhere else
palm leaf laws and continued for many many centuries
Lease in South India I think it may still be
used on a floor vase for ceremonial purposes for ritual purposes even today
Expert So this is early manuscript to space song
Palm leaves cut the lawn and they always have almost always have either one
hole as in this example or two holes I didn't either end as in this example of
letter h e r s
Look up at 6 Century or finding holes in the
family of squirter stacked together in what is called a
One or two strings put through those holes and
tied together usually held together with cover is wood or some other more
durable material
Things manuscript far away from everybody knows
it's because of the feet
Generally known released in the Republic of you it
is about me on it's also the source of the huge cash of manuscripts taking back
up cases back to the 3rd or possibly second century 18
Publish Pizza examples recently-published
connection
Palm leaf manuscript to Canton to be the
standard format for Indian manuscripts everywhere I can accept in the far
north-west as I mentioned and continued in various forms into modern times so
the upper part of this image we have a relatively modern that is like 19
century
Printed the modern play the format is the palm leaf format so this book this
printed book is Unbound
Spring holes powdered Florida
The night out here
Are also obviously based on the traditional
Indian poti work probably 90 script format
Presentation after I finish this General
introduction birchbark widely used in the Northwest us I've indicated in
Gandara and Kashmir and joining some in all the in areas the
Birthday to love poetry of War beta utilis coach
is actually gone Loco vernacular word for Mason so
Or put this world are impact fees Birchbox
manuscript some of which date back pretty definitely to the 1st Century BC
possibly even to the second century BC and the early the early for Matt about
the front. Beginning. Until probably the 2nd or maybe the 3rd Century a deep is
this scroll scroll scroll form at which has some interesting connections
complications and problems which are they discussing
The Peace Arch Park and then they were rolled up
from the bottom and then in many cases as you can see in pretty successful well
if not so clearly but after being rolled up they would be folded in half so
this one it's folded in half you could maybe just barely see the best Deer Park
the other half is sticking out behind it and then the following slide shows you
what happens when you piss
Crack down the middle of crack weigh to be this
phone has been folded in half and that leads to other problems and I will show
you an example word to affect later on I like to just
Check today so the next so I will actually be a
close up of this section the subsection this strip of the manuscript so this is
showing you the actual text and just briefly explain the situation
Check n Go Aryan language family or less often
referred to as a rock. Which means really put that it's a daughter language of
Sanskrit and a sister like the other
Is Grosse tete which was the script unique to
the Northwestern the area and the adjoining areas that I've talked about the
450 on the map elsewhere and India I'll just flipped back to the previous
slides else where I am
Call Big Modern India scripts the day I seen
some of your familiar with it's also the parents of the parent of the script so
that's the dominant historically the dominant the script
3rd or 4th Century ad and has no successors in
the modern world on the other looking the other direction the prehistory
crochet script is derived from some would say more cautiously related to
Aramaic script the exact nature of the connection is is problematic there's a
clear connection but there's not a direct lineage so that remains
I it's follows a system which is more like the
Indian system of phonetic representations then the Aramaic script script
Like that is to say the vowels are not
represented or they are minimally represented the crochets script policy Indian
system each graph Traffic Unit represents a syllable
Example here and then the text to you of course
reading from as I said from right to left transcription
How this works this this character is the
syllable law that says it's a little hard this is a syllable
The word Angel and here you can see more clearly
be a representational system this part of the character is the consonant old
character for not and this diagonal line running through it for the other
syllables
This is just the consonant lot and there's no
foul marker because Powell is automatically up the short short of a neutral
vowel so all about
The third material that was used in India for
men in the United States this paper but only from far as I've been able to
determine never before the 3rd so sorry big 13th century
I guess 18th 19th century maybe 18th century
famous poem cold feet Stall in Calcutta for and I probably paid $0.50 or
something for it I don't think you get away with that anymore and I know says
you could still find some pretty nice Treasures
I don't have any scripts in Bengali script which
is derived from the rock me tonight before so that's just to fill you in on the
I turn to my second nature topic which is
details on the guitar and Birchbox
Playing on this type of manuscript well various
reasons main reason being that I've spent most of the last 10 years of my
professional life studying material
Second they are or I hope they will prove to be
of considerable illogical interest interesting chapter in the technology in the
ancient world
These condolence scroll Seraph great
of put of
prettyOldest surviving what is manuscript Sandy layer in Asia and not only that
but went to make a pretty good case I think for the same but they're not only
the oldest surviving but it's Maddie scrubs but they may well be the oldest but
it's Maddie scrubs that were ever thank you
Turn up Honda tradition.
1st Century BC until that time they were
theoretically preserved only by communal recitation but I have memorization and
on the other hand some of these Scrolls
1st Century BC so and Furious at least there's
not only are these the oldest surviving but it's my scripts but they should be
among the oldest but it's been discussed. That ever existed
I hope going to the topic the importance of
significance for but it's studies and for the history of what his texts and
it's tradition of these but I do feel that I should give you some idea briefly
of the contents we have now have lost count maybe something like a hundred and
fifty significant chunks of manuscript
Photographs from laughing very interesting and
important turning up in various places
I just have to say we have samples of mostly
major genres of but it's literature they're all over the place to just put them
into convenience
convenient categorize there are lyrics for
Wich so the other Chinese and
Exactly of course it's kind of a person's fluid
far predate the manuscript attestation of the other versions in other languages
and on the other hand we have what I call new tech switch our checks for which
there is which were previously on
Text which are peculiar to each other come to
our local got darn tradition of what is something for which may has disappeared
from other Traditions fine whatever random accidents
Felix apples and some apples of translations
just flash these up briefly if you want to come in sample of portion for men
Face pretty basic believe particular very
frequently as in this case
Wife food poisoning mendicant something like a
Buddhist monk receive the appropriate punishment 500 500 times
Even now in my last life time so he is now in
our hearts that have something like the parts of me but he still has terrible
stomach problems so that, I feel like sticks with you so this is basic
The same as well let me mention this is an
example of an old text this song Talk book songs of life
Holly this is all over the place the next
example which is also in call generally that's popular face of
It's up to the car and our material and it
getting it says something about they working and stuff but his belief the
details of in a little bit complicated on the other hand we have a large amount
of material off of more technical kind of this is an example of a text of the
other type which is essentially political discussions
Replace skin best like rarefied here it's none
of their discussing the nature the essential nature of time but if the
relationship
If you believe in karma your point of view of
past present future becomes five different from if I made 4 trillion hour or
you what is probably your concept of past present and future because they merge
together
Discussion of this topic so I'm going to add new
category is previously completely unknown
Will be in the parking lot parked in the history
of Indian philosophy
Charge of the early form of crows TV earliest
form of protein in the third Century those of you who may know Aramaic or will
say that some of the characters from Cars
Going back to the question at the language again
for those of you who are interested in this sort of thing this is a line from
the text that I showed previously I'll just flip back and then Just picked up
one line and Illustrated the other relationship just by example between
ghandehari and its its mother sorry Nothing happens when you put it on a
different computer but you can see what's going on one word which I put in bold
face and see the relationship Holly and simile another word with the two
parallels are indicated by underlining Doing a good deed so that's supposed to
be underlined but then Relationship so that sold more or less introductory
materials already let me topic which is a physical There are too many basic
types there's the short for something and referred to as the letter the letter
format and there are sea long composite Scrolls showpiece All of the hundreds
of examples that we have this is as good as it gets and I'll show you later
sometimes gets a lot worse Short form at the end of this type of the manuscript
sheet of the manuscript is usually wider than it is tall the typical width is
2227 sent to me that's approximately 8 or 11 in across and the length range is
quite a bit from 17 to 44 centimeter of those to say 7 to 17 in long necklace
vertical in length the other That much longer on the typical weight is 14 to 21
cm which is about 5 and 1/2 to 8 in with and they line can be in one case as
long as About five and a half yards is 17 feet or so that figure 17 feet Which
is far longer than all the other surviving manuscripts refers to a manuscript
12v coat on car Later on so these manuscripts are farts made of Composites a
sheet of birch bark long they're made Surfer charged in Killeen about maybe one
foot long nike me the average which are glued together and then rolled up
everything out and rolled up together Example and this is once again Play craps
see or understand what's going on here even have this blank portion that was
not originally blank that was that's the cover part originally this lower
section and overflow it's not exactly obvious from the image originally this
hard from here on down would have been a separate sheet and it would have been
imagine it lift it up a little It got hurt by some kind of fluid on the lot
which dried up over 2000 years so the pieces separated in this lower piece flip
down and left them black area the next This is another piece from the same
scroll lower down on the scroll and canvas case we have a juncture but in fact
he owed it to the juncture that she is still intact and you can see The bottom
sheet is lame over the top sheet you might also notice that something's going
on with the text here describe wrote halfway across this line and then stopped
and I remember when I first saw that my impression was that is probably the
division 2 Section division particularly because there's this Funny fact when I
started to text in more detail that turned out not to be the case and it became
clear here and at least one other place but what happened is described as
writing on the scroll which had been previously constructed already consisted
of sheets joining together and he was riding it away most of the scribes do
that they slide down to work the left and he wrote it here and he said that
he's coming to the junk shiny didn't want to ride across that join because of
Hanford catch on it The right this is the small part of a very long for Tom,
putter scroll which I mentioned previously this is the one which calculator It
was something like 16 or 17 feet and has a The first came to be known in 1892
that time it was the only Scroll of this type the only birchbark scroll with
the oldest manuscript X and put it in the gun Hari that was known and by coincidence
it remain that for 4 Arch upskirts now approaching 200 of this type R R know
was allegedly discovered in a cave on top of the mountain near Croton is in the
area It was discovered by some local Persons Unknown it was apparently at that
time completely intact although it isn't here I probably cut into three parts
one part was sold to a French diplomat and that part is now in the Atlantic
Ocean off because another part was sent to a Russian person naked spy and it's
now in St Petersburg That's what that's why the length of the Texas
reconstructed but fairly confident Floyd 15 to 18 feet let me go back Play This
Frankly but I hope you can see that there's some parks and those marks are
actually the remnants are the result of what we call the binding Fred you can
see it up here to see it all along just give me the right part in the left
pocket is to the decrepit so originally I was all the way down the length of
this manuscript on both sides Proportions together and to even be section
smoking sections within the composite portions because as you can see here and
you'll see it later examples there's a change of state when do you think a
rolled-up washed and then they 90 script So in many of these larger deposit
manuscripts they would so down cards and hear you actually what you're actually
seeing it's just the bruising from the threads of the front themselves are
completely lost I didn't the manuscript the Frets are in some places actually
preserved and you can see that France's here. If they lower left margin of the
actual threat We all know there are also a very few examples two or three as
far as I've been able to determine depictions of the Scrolls in the Dawnguard
put a sculpture very famous Contemporary mathematics Interesting scene which is
understood which is interpreted by the Artist saurians as a discussion or
preterite debate among Buddhist monks we don't know the name of this month
because they're all old and they're wearing robes And what are they doing well
this gesture has been identified by prominent as the the argument gesture this
is part of the formal Idea is that the interpretation is that this is a debate
discussion discussion between. Among three but it smokes about I don't like
about you just got done arguing about the nature of time past present and
future or some such as trees topic Here probably originally also here broken
away is that they seem to be holding unfolded Scrolls you can see how the
schedule see how it's rolled up from the bottom which is exactly the way these
things are found OK Google representative that we saw your previous examples
Estimation before there are problems with this format it works very well when
the birchbark is in one fresh it becomes problematic or sweeping frankly
becomes a nightmare when they're two thousand years old and not at all It's
called breaking off into separate Scripts Birchbox This is another example so
we're dealing with you we get the impression that they technology problems and
dangers various address the problem trying to keep it together and various ways
this goes back to the that famous quote on Finding friends along the edges very
clear and Prevail preserve also here we have this is one of the junk choice
between sheets and in this manuscript and then the few other man describes the
Vape additive Reef reinforcing thread which you can see perhaps here and more
clearly over here in the along the 3rd three-way Heart of Gold We're not very
successful at keeping the manuscript in one piece that goes back to it let me
flip back to this I want to look at 8 to close up a script finding friends and
hear how you can say they've adopted a different technique here again we're out
of Savannah scrap yard on of the threats of eyes but you can see clearly from
the results of the routes and results locked up I'd like to say a few words
about the origins of the four theories really guesses about the origins of his
format for a long time it's been discussed And typically people suggested
either that the underline format or inspiration for this format is an inspiration
technology Neither of which were very satisfactory theories because the
technology in Arrangement do not agree exactly what they got darn Scrolls so
I'll mention in a moment alternative Clear are the examples of very big fat
manuscript felt it and 1/2 unfortunately sorry decrepit I don't have enough to
fit after unrolling but it's pretty ugly The double folding problem Read that
for whatever reason that Central area around the poles because it was extremely
disintegrated. End up with a that's like this so where do we get this role and
fold technology Three or four years ago to buy stuff on Bounce formulated and
alternative and I think better very connected with Aramaic of hiring this case
from famous Vines at Bellefonte along the Nile in Egypt the format is similar
but similar these are roll rolled up from the bottom folded in thirds not half
like none of ours calls but usually encouraged occasionally in half and then
sealed we don't have evidence except for one large The show it's a partial
power LOL that is as I indicated parallel to the direction and this regard it
agrees precisely with the gun darts call and I think that's the best argument
Firey Brothers in Chinese or 312 here for example is the Greek scroll typical
Arrangement scroll chosen with the script written in columns and parallel to be
to the long side of a stroke Description Hiring process is just as in the
original Arrangement on the roller process is very much as in the darn
squirrels rolled up from the bottom and then folded and thirds rather than half
but the folded make face Of course these trolls are from very far away from
Egypt so one could argue that there's a problem but that is just explain and
justify having pretty convincingly by bounds because this is essentially the
Precisely the area that would probably be the 4th Century BC there are Scrolls
from the Eastern region Severa and committed Empire they don't quite agree as
well as we might hope Travis technology My next topic is the disposition and
disposition of the Stalls here I want to say pulling out early we shouldn't
assume that these and is good for you who conceived the use in the same way
that manuscripts are you dark What is what I called the volume pattern The
colors we have is fairly long that is scrubs that I've mentioned they do not
cover the whole of the text and the hold of the text it was something that we
know from parallels and that's word to them Direction several times the
complete text at least four or five Scrolls of that And they're surprisingly
large number of cases where exactly that happens we have only a part of a text
and it's only the first part in fact there's only one exception where we have
apparently part of the text that's not the first roll so that may be a
coincidence but I think the number of examples of that is probably not a
confidence And the theorist cannot prove that I proposed the right one part of
the text you finish the first scroll and in a certain sense you have considered
to have written the whole text or been something representing the whole text
that may seem strange from you but there are towels Don't necessarily I
intended as a practical matter but very often and grabs primarily indicate a
Xanax Necessary always to write out the entire text And I want to show this
site again in that context it's interesting that these sponsored debating and
they're holding this goes but they're not reading this CrossFit not looking at
them and then this summated you might take us to Artistic convention but in
fact there are other indications Africa logical observations and stuff for it
and in which you often have this discussion about a text or a book or an issue
and hook maybe on the table but they're not actually almost a symbolic object
Actually this when I called the first time that you almost always get volume up
and you almost never get volume 2 or volume ten The disposition of these
manuscripts they are typically found and I think typically and I'm hedging a
little bit because the circumstances there Discovery in most cases are
unfortunately opaque this is all going on in Afghanistan and Pakistan asleep
don't have good information as to the details At least several of the most
important cases that were found inside Clay Pot such as the one to be out of
here and this is The Clay Pot in which the First new group of manuscript was
discovered in 1994 British Library skulls Clay pot in the case of some of these
groups of manuscripts we find that the United States were probably decayed and
incomplete and fragmentary the time that they were deposited and buried in
these pots Siri that's been proposed which I've talked about in various places
it is like you have a cultural phenomenon a practice analogous to thicken each
of the Has ever searched that in fact that's a and notion the onion ocean that
books have to be so her hair Lonnie Ali buried but it's actually quite
widespread in many other cultural areas including Islam and Islamic world and
China Because the second major collection of men's coats of a pound in a
similar situation in a similar Clay Pot actually appeared to have been in
perfect condition when they were very as far as we could tell from from there
surviving reference and from What's the purpose and function so in fact the
interpretation of the second book of manuscript they were written expressly for
the purpose of being buried in a public place in a pot and buried in a Buddhist
Monastery and it was an act of pure Merit banking it's also worth mentioning
that we also have a pretty good IQ logical evidence of very similar objects
Saudi Point logical conclusion based according to my thinking is that but it is
a manuscript containing the words of the physical remains Treated the same way
let me come to my third and final topic which is called the trouble with birch
bark Scrolls Looks like you're taking nice picture of me first tree which I can
pull up the bed and a young fresh young birch tree is very beautiful and has
kids or maybe even In many cultures of the world all across Northern belt of
the world birchbark is a widely used commodity for writing writing material and
many other purposes Because of the oils contained in the bark waterproof and
flexible so we find birch bark be used as roofing materials typically baskets
boats So that's the part when it's new birchbark sorry we have another problem
here they are The nice guy out of Anyway so this is before enrolling this is
after enrolling and you can see it very badly fragmented into those little
strips and as usual but broken in half vertically in each half broken it's a
little script this is the way it came out when I was on road by technicians of
the British Library digital reconstruction of the correct position Example of
what it's all about for anybody who's interested it's about the theme of The
Pub in the refrain of every one of the 40 versus is be like a rhinoceros So you
can see from this that this was a difficult project that's not even the dreaded
debris box of a rhinoceros a scroll Cheerleader fragments of writing but I was
unable to start this piece I was the most cases unable to locate those little
so that's how it is The most intact manuscript maybe 90% of the original text
is legible is a particular So here is one strip when separated strep and Purex
a blown up follow up with that separating Peace Love problems deal with Experience
leaser piles Reconstruction because they are legible because they were covered
by overlying layers the problem the other one problem here is the first part
consists of laminated that is it consists of several layers I'm here in this
picture of this is a different scroll scene from the end Nation or rather than
Eli nation which is a huge headache and when you work with the Scrolls so for
example here's a portion this is from the again and this portion is actually a
layer from another section of the scroll which appeals off from its original
position and covered up original writing here so this circle part is the
overlaying part underneath it is the original text which is in most cases
invisible and recoverable This would be moved to its the proper position if we
can find it what happened 84 CD in the area in the far north-west the birchbark
they stop making these Scrolls Secretary of the visual format the shape of the
police felt so they started cutting the birchbark into long thin strips and
imitation of the email probably from the color Color is a little bit. But you
can see from the struts what it felt like to sell This is a beautiful man is
the folio format much better than the scroll farming and it did mostly How much
does a Porsche Play birchbark manuscript from another manager from Bamiyan from
about the same. And you can see a couple of points of interest one is here and
here we have blank portions and that's the same problem that we saw it was from
that set the nation so stuck on a folio Wichita side of this overlay at the
text which was originally hunger it on this delamination continues to be a
problem over here These are not blank areas and not the laminated areas you can
see there your daughter to know wavy lines You can see it in his good friends
this this was a rough area this was a rough area in the bark probably there
too. Whole or something to join any of that and describe didn't want to ride on
it and so you skipped over it but it'll just skip over he's marked it as blank
area and I think that's the idea the reason that they did that this is just my
hypothesis Describes the people golfing this tradition were aware of the
delamination problem and had developed techniques to to put the control it but
to minimize the damage or at least clarify the situation so in the end Totally.
That I talk about our second century CE need approximately gradually became
aware of the problem the long-term problems of using the slow format of for
birchbark manuscript and adopted the the popular format that was he using other
parts of India conclusion I just show you one more This is not as I'm typical
as I would like to thank the sort of terrible mess coming from the results I'll
just say that my colleagues and their number of a specialist around the world
are working on these sort of manuscripts and wish us luck thank you very much
Thanks a lot we had two speakers previously in
the series vinyl start Bernard I believe is responsible for growing out your I
wish I could have Very very unbelievable why you did that we had a speaker just
a couple of weeks ago few weeks ago from Vienna then I can feel her eyes or
color who has developed this process of placing stuff that looks just as
forbidding as your rhinoceros cigar into an MRI machine Time America to the fur
various well Financial in bureaucratic reasons we haven't been able to arrange
that for any of these men these coats for them to us this guy who I don't know
him Okay, I also don't know but did not involve what was the material the
manuscript material that was being worked on to another virus snow Yeah I know
the name Okay That's encouraging if it's too late for Amanda Scott said they
are probably are ones that haven't been enrolled but they're more in the realm
of reports and rumors there's nothing that I would have access to it this point
but that's a possibility I thought I'd like to get in touch with friends heels
Are you really saying that there were so they were strips of birch bark which
were then glued together
Mike's parents from two or three to five or six
Is that something that was The ones that were folded up that that yeah yeah
yeah Cars me now I got I wasn't there but as far as I know nothing was done to
this scroll customizes ticket Expensive and did you do anything or anything
When I worked on these and British Library we used to this is now primitive *
20 years ago but they had a little while I forget what it's calledVery
Infrared Imaging but it doesn't have an x-ray
power it often brings out the finger Think Tank comes out more clearly an
infrared but no we haven't had much success and and the problem is French the
ones that British Library material that's permanently encased in glass some of
these other pieces Black mylar sheets so that they're discovering accessibility
of these masks episode of runs behind that technology I'm hoping they're this
amount but can I have Nexus 2 touchnet is good treatment for a country like
yoga.
There was Yeah it's interesting and then
supposed to be looks like for some reason and I don't know why it looks like
there isn't an actually a whole or or is there something in the middle of the
year This could photograph face just came out from Japan and they gave her to
go or not Deli or somewhere Hood Ferdinand the folio members so I am not sure
about the technology is obviously the other Custom too. Just a habit and
sometimes you even see men's coats with a circle drawn around neck oh here
Yeah yeah it looks when you point that out here
it looks like they just took a needle and thread and went right through it
which is not the really the usual pattern let me see like in the one that I
showed earlier where they're actually cut a hole so yeah
I'll be real
quick to see can you go back to the slide up at 3 months Your ceremonial road
that you have to keep within a few feet of you at all time in case you have to
perform the ceremony is folded like that hold it because you don't like his
head Area code
That's the very yeah that's what I think could
be they could be Rose here it seems to me We're here the guy is holding the
scroll like this I don't know I mean I can hold the road would be
About the timing You could see the people
brought around so the whole Wake me up in It was better to stay together and
thread a needle through its out of space not to be written in before they even
start
Much less familiar with these some up later
you'll get how to farm Hill that sounds plausible I'm still like I'm very curious
to have your comment on whether there is a practical functionality that you can
interpret in terms of recitation prompts as opposed to these for highly
ritualistic conventions text
Did I hear correctly Culture settings where
they're actually used to prom the recitation letter G You're referring to but
interest I think related is this briefly before Something special category
among the British Library collection fees 96 Siri Abbreviated form and you can
get some sense of that from very frequently you see things like this whole
story is to be toasted length according to the model again it's store entire
story is to be told and we understand we've the Tim Lincecum collaborators it's
expert on this type of text These are not formal text written out word for word
they're just brief summary for someone connected that I could compare them to
So this is one example of that kind of memory card ideas what I referred to
before and I don't know if that's what you were thinking of BV when I called
the first volume pattern where it goes what I call symbolic texts What is
scholar of religions scholar wrote something about teaching practice I think in
the context get this notion the book And I think in India generally up in
modern society fence with pundits teach that way they barely look at the book
and if at all they're doing it all for the memory
Going to the folio represent a different view of
scribing rather than an act of Merit acting for preservation and do Sabbath
folio
And I hope I don't contradict myself but I think
I had Papa size that the transition to follow was a practical matter they found
the Birchbox folio case sale technology it worked that it's fine when it's new
but it didn't stand the test of time which then I have to save it the next it's
also served a a practical And I want to see what a little bit of exaggeration
but you could type of the main purpose or one of the main purposes of these of
writing these manuscript was in order to recopy them later as Act of piety
active And I have the idea which again I can't prove that putting them in pots
and burying them named been conceived in in more than one way it's an act of
Honor but also an active preservation because
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